How robust and generalisable are pathology foundation models and have their scaling limites been reached? We benchmarked twelve pathology foundation models (PFMs) and ResNet baselines using our Robustness Evaluation and Enhancement Toolbox (REET) across eleven clinically realistic perturbations and a dissimilarity-driven Non-Redundant K-fold validation (NR-Kfold) protocol. We introduce a Perturbation Performance Index (PPI) to summarise accuracy trends under controlled perturbation sweeps and analyse robustness scaling with parameter count. We show that PFMs consistently outperform CNNs in both robustness and domain generalisation, yet model scaling shows diminishing returns: mid-sized models such (UNI2/Virchow-2 etc.) achieve comparable or greater resilience than larger systems. NR-Kfold analysis further reveals systematic accuracy loss and increased variability when training-test similarity is broken, underscoring the need for explicit distribution-shift evaluation. These findings suggest that the next generation of pathology foundation models must prioritise data quality, multimodality information and domain alignment over parameter count to achieve genuine clinical reliability.
Multi-branch architectures and CNN-Transformer fusion have long been regarded as effective ways to improve vehicle re-identification (Re-ID) by combining complementary representations. In this work, we revisit this assumption in the foundation-model era through a comprehensive em…
Accurate pixel-level classification of coronary angiograms is critical for cardiovascular disease assessment, yet the field lacks standardized evaluation protocols. In this work we demonstrate a new benchmark for the assessment of deep learning models which densely classify pixel…
Adapting deep learning models to profound clinical heterogeneity typically relies on parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) to avoid the severe overfitting associated with full end-to-end network updates. Although PEFT successfully navigates limited data scenarios, it inherently…
Deep learning models using traditional softmax classifiers have achieved remarkable success in various classification tasks. However, their performance degrades significantly on imbalanced datasets. Although Balanced Softmax is widely adopted as a state-of-the-art rebalancing met…
Scientific figures often encode the visual evidence behind scientific findings, yet figure plagiarism remains underexplored as a benchmarked multimodal evaluation problem. We present SciFigPlag-Bench, a benchmark for provenance-aware reasoning over scientific figures in scholarly…
Independent sidewalk mobility is essential for blind and visually impaired pedestrians (BVIPs), yet smartphone-based assistive navigation requires perception models that distinguish walkable sidewalks from adjacent unsafe regions. This study presents a safety-oriented semantic se…