OFD-Net: Teacher-Free Reliable Semi-supervised Medical Image Segmentation with Orthogonal Feature Disentanglement Net of Foreground-Background

Shao-feng Jiang, Zhe-yang Jing, Qin Lu, Huan-huan Shi, Zhen Chen, Cong-xuan zhang, Chen Yi

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is an effective solution for medical image segmentation with limited annotations. Existing SSL methods mainly rely on pseudo-labels generated by teacher-student supervision or cross-network consistency. However, these methods lack an explicit structural reference for judging pseudo-label quality. Low-quality pseudo-labels may lead to unreliable training, error accumulation and confirmation bias when processing unlabeled data with substantial appearance variations. To address this issue, we proposed OFD-Net, a teacher-free single-network framework for reliable semi-supervised medical image segmentation. OFD-Net employs an Orthogonal Feature Disentanglement Module (OFDM) to capture OFD features for reliable SSL by disentangling unlabeled data into background and foreground representations with a reliable structural distribution, thereby effectively reducing error accumulation and alleviating confirmation bias among unlabeled data. Specifically, OFD-Net explicitly employs a Disentanglement Guidance Module (DGM) to inject the resulting structural priors of foreground-background into the decoder by deformable convolution processing, and outputs predictions with clearer foreground representations. Based on DGM and the OFDM, we further develop a reliability-aware pseudo-label learning mechanism that evaluates unlabeled supervision according to the structural consistency between the main prediction and the disentangled foreground-background responses, and then down-weights unreliable regions during training. Extensive experiments on four public medical image segmentation benchmarks, namely ISIC-2016, Kvasir-SEG, Synapse, and ACDC, validate the effectiveness of OFD-Net. These results confirm that orthogonal foreground-background disentanglement enables OFD-Net to establish an efficient and reliable training paradigm within a teacher-free single-network framework.