Machine Learning–Driven Optimization of Photovoltaic Systems on Uneven Terrain for Sustainable Energy Development

Luis Angel Iturralde Carrera, Carlos D. Constantino-Robles, Omar Rodríguez-Abreo, Carlos Fuentes-Silva, Gabriel Alejandro Cruz Reyes, Araceli Zapatero-Gutiérrez, Yoisdel Castillo Alvarez, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz

This study presents an AI-driven computational framework for optimizing the orientation and spatial deployment of photovoltaic (PV) systems installed on uneven terrain, with the objective of enhancing energy efficiency and supporting sustainable energy development. The proposed methodology integrates PVsyst-based numerical simulations with statistical modeling and bio-inspired heuristic optimization algorithms, forming a hybrid machine learning–assisted decision-making approach. A heuristic–parametric optimization strategy was employed to evaluate multiple tilt and azimuth configurations, aiming to maximize specific energy yield and overall system performance, expressed through the performance ratio (PR). The model was validated using site-specific climatic data from Veracruz, Mexico, and identified an optimal azimuth orientation of approximately 267.3°, corresponding to an estimated PR of 0.8318. The results highlight the critical influence of azimuth orientation on photovoltaic efficiency and demonstrate strong consistency between simulation outputs, statistical analysis, and intelligent optimization results. From an industrial perspective, the proposed framework reduces planning uncertainty and energy losses associated with suboptimal configurations, enabling more reliable and cost-effective photovoltaic system design, particularly for installations on uneven terrain. Moreover, the methodology significantly reduces planning time and potential installation costs by eliminating the need for preliminary physical testing, offering a scalable and reproducible AI-assisted tool that can contribute to lower levelized energy costs, enhanced system reliability, and more efficient deployment of photovoltaic technologies in the renewable energy industry. Future work will extend the model toward a multivariable machine learning framework incorporating tilt angle, climatic variability, and photovoltaic technology type, further strengthening its applicability in real-world environments and its contribution to Sustainable Development Goal 7: affordable and clean energy.