Microwave Linear Analog Computers (MiLACs) for Communications: Opportunities and Challenges

Matteo Nerini, Bruno Clerckx

Future wireless systems will require ever larger antenna arrays and heavier signal processing, making conventional digital multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures difficult to scale. In this paper, we show that a possible solution is to offload part of the processing from the digital to the analog domain. This can be done through linear microwave networks designed to compute directly using the communication signals at radio frequency (RF). These networks, denoted as microwave linear analog computers (MiLACs), can perform useful matrix operations instantly through wave propagation. Remarkably, although MiLACs are linear, the output signals can depend nonlinearly on the tunable parameters of the network, enabling the computation of operations beyond simple linear transforms. In particular, MiLACs can realize matrix inversion and pseudo-inversion with complexity scaling quadratically with matrix size, rather than cubically, which is essential in zero-forcing beamforming. We then review how MiLAC-aided MIMO architectures can reduce the number of RF chains, relax the resolution requirements on digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and decrease the beamforming complexity. We finally discuss the main challenges related to MiLAC and promising directions for future research.