This paper presents the design and block-level simulation of a 16-bit Successive Approximation Register (SAR) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) implemented in the 180 nm CMOS Process Design Kit (PDK) of the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), India, using Cadence Virtuoso with the Spectre simulation engine. The proposed architecture comprises four sub-blocks: a MOS-switch-based Sample-and-Hold (S&H) circuit, a 16-bit R-2R resistive ladder DAC, a dynamic comparator, and a dual-register TSPC-based SAR control logic. Operating from a 1.8 V supply at 20 MHz, the ADC achieves a 1.25 MSPS conversion rate with a theoretical resolution of 27.4 μV/LSB. All four sub-blocks were individually verified through transistor-level simulation. System integration challenges arising from insufficient op-amp gain and DAC settling time are identified and analysed, with corrective measures proposed as future work.
Fifth generation (5G) wireless communication is designed to provide much higher data rates, lower latency and higher network capacity in comparison to 4G systems. It supports data rates ranging from 5 to 50 Gbps for various tasks. To address these needs, MIMO antennas are widely…
Abstract: Flooding is one of the most frequent and destructive natural hazards, causing significant damage to human life, infrastructure, agricultural land, and the environment. Accurate and rapid prediction of flood inundation is therefore essential for effective disaster p…
This paper presents an extended analysis of a phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW)-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system employing a 64-element (8×8) uniform planar array (UPA) for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) applications. Building on a…
In multiple attribute decision making (MADM), there is often a need for comparing the attributes. In situations such as time pressure and lack of adequate knowledge, eliciting exact numerical weights from decision maker (DM) is impossible, but instead, obtaining a ranking of the…
Abstract Advances in digital technologies have fundamentally reshaped health communication and education, giving rise to innovative, interactive, and user-centered learning approaches. In this evolving environment, the edutainment paradigm, which integrates educational content wi…
This paper proposes a Machine Learning (ML) framework designed to attribute liability betweendrivers and pedestrians in traffic crashes. This study applies classification algorithmsand interpretability techniques to analyze judicial rulings related to pedestrian crashesin Badajoz…