Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Six-Dimensional Movable Antenna Systems

Ziyun Zhang, Ruotong Zhao, Shaokang Hu, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng

This paper investigates the energy-efficiency (EE) maximization problem for a multiuser wireless network equipped with six-dimensional movable antennas (6DMAs), where the three-dimensional (3D) positions and orientations of the antennas are jointly optimized to fully exploit the additional spatial degrees of freedom offered by dynamic channel reconfiguration. However, the practical operation of 6DMAs incurs non-negligible mechanical energy consumption. Moreover, orientation-dependent phase variations, together with the strong coupling among antenna positions, rotation angles, transmit beamforming, and time allocation, render the resulting problem highly non-convex and analytically challenging. To address this issue, we develop a block coordinate descent (BCD) optimization framework that integrates Dinkelbach's transformation with the majorization-minimization (MM) approach to efficiently obtain a high quality suboptimal solution with guaranteed convergence. Simulation results unveil that the proposed design achieves significant EE improvements over conventional benchmarks, thereby highlighting the critical importance of accounting for practical mechanical energy costs in 6DMA enabled systems. Furthermore, our results reveal a fundamental trade-off between throughput enhancement and mechanical overhead: although larger antenna reconfigurations can improve channel conditions, their EE gains gradually diminish due to the increased mechanical energy consumption.